Essay Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a Cinderella Story

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a Cinderella Story Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre can be characterized in many ways as a variation of Cinderella. There are several versions of this popular fairy--tale. At the time Bronte’s novel was published, the Grimms’ book of tales, which included Cinderella, was very popular. According to Sally Mitchell, The serious interest in folklore was spurred by the translation, in 1823, of the stories collected by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. A version of Cinderella was also written by Charles Perrault. Both Perrault’s and the Grimms’ tales have a place in Bronte’s narrative. There is no specific evidence of her reading these yet, Bronte could easily have known two versions of the Cinderella tale: the†¦show more content†¦She tells her that she must always remain good and devout, and that God will help her and she will watch over her from heaven. Eventually Cinderella’s father remarries. His new wife has two daughters who although beautiful are said to b e black at heart. They are terribly mean to Cinderella and will not even let her eat with them because they say she did not earn it. She is forced to work and wear shabby gray frocks and wooden shoes. One day her father travels to the fair and asks the daughters what he can bring them. The materialistic sisters asked for fine clothes and jewels. Cinderella on the other hand, asks for the first twig that brushes against her father’s hat on his return. The sisters make fun of Cinderella for this, yet she took the twig and planted it on her mother’s grave. Her tears watered it and a great tree emerged. Cinderella would go daily to the tree and pray. A bird would always be there, and whatever Cinderella asked for it would throw down. Cinderella discovers at one point in the story the king is giving a festival to find his son a bride. Her stepmother tells her she can go if she picks out all the lentils that they threw in the fireplace. Cinderella agrees and calls to all the birds under heaven that come and help her with her task. Yet no matter what she did, her stepmother had no intentions of letting her go to the festival. After the others leave, Cinderella weeps on herShow MoreRelated Jane Eyre, the Cinderella Copy Essay589 Words   |  3 Pages Cinderella is a classic fairytale almost every person knows. Such recognition was earned through time and it’s originality. Yet from this well-known tale, many stories have stemmed into their own interesting aspects of virtually the same plot with similar characters. One of the related stories is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. Brontà « uses the main character Jane as Cinderella who finds her prince charming. Even though Jane Eyre contains more about human nat ure and less of magic, it still resemblesRead More Revision of Master Narratives within Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea2157 Words   |  9 Pagesmood of the time was. From there one will be able to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bronte is known as one of the first revolutionary and challenging authoress’ with her text Jane Eyre. The society of her time was male dominated, women were marginally cast aside and treated as trophies for their male counterparts. Their main role in life was to be a mother and a wife, â€Å" Literature cannot be the business of a woman’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the moreRead MoreHow Does Jasper Fforde s The Eyre Affair Testify?1419 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Jasper Fforde’s The Eyre Affair testify to the importance of reading in the formation of one’s self-identity? Many aspects contribute to the formation of a person’s self-identity. Whether it be their surroundings, their culture, their language, or even other’s personal identities, they all shape one’s perception of the world, the self-imposed rules surrounding them, and where they believe they belong within it. This world is encompassed with stories, and they contribute to the fabricationRead MoreComparing Jane Eyre, Cinderella, and Beauty and the Beast1830 Words   |  8 Pagesattention in Charlotte Brontà «s Jane Eyre and when first reading the novel, we all tend to see it as a work built around the theme of family and Janes continuous search for home and acceptance. The love story seems to fall into second place and I believe that the special relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester needs to be thoroughly discussed and interpreted, because it holds many captivating elements, such as mystery, passion or even betrayal. The aim of this essay is to analyze the love story betweenRead MoreJanes Relationship with Rochester in Brontes Jane Eyre Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesRochester in Brontes Jane Eyre Works Cited Not Included Jane Eyre is one of the most famous and well-read romantic novels in English literature. The novel has been translated into scores of different languages and adapted many times for dramatised productions. The relationship between Jane and Rochester is the central theme of the novel. Charlotte BrontÃÆ' «Read MoreEssay on Governess Relationships in Brontes Jane Eyre1182 Words   |  5 PagesGoverness Relationships in Brontes Jane Eyre    The Victorian governess suffered socially because of her position. The relationship between her and others that were in her class was strained because of her financial situation. She often suffered from status incongruity. The relationship between a governess and a gentleman was difficult because she was not his financial equal (Peterson 13). While the relationship was strained in her novel Jane Eyre, Bronte leads us to believe that it is notRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pagesto women, though it refers brieï ¬â€šy to the ambiguous class position of governesses such as Jane Eyre. The authors analyse the intertwined processes of female rebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’s repressed passion. This was later to become an accepted interpretation of Bertha. In relating the novel to Charlotte Brontà « the writer, they see the text as ultimately half-optimistic for women’s future inRead MoreAnalysis Of Charlotte Brontes Beloved Novel Jane Eyre1750 Words   |  7 Pages The Many Lovely Things of Jane Charlotte Bronte’s beloved novel Jane Eyre stepped out of the literary world and into our own when The Hale Center Theatre in Orem, Utah set this moving story to the stage. This follows the narrative of a young Jane Eyre, starting as an orphan in a victorian society, she struggles to find a place to belong. After being branded as a troubled and mischievousness child she is sent to a religious christian school to learn her place. Here she finds a much needed friend

Transformational Leadership An Influential Model Of...

Transformational leadership is an influential model of leadership style that includes four key behaviors: (1) influence through a vision, (2) motivating through inspiration, (3) stimulating the intellect of subordinates, and (4) individualized consideration. Transactional leadership is built on reciprocity and includes four behavioral elements: (1) making rewards contingent on performance, (2) correcting problems actively when performance goes wrong, (3) refraining from interruptions of performance if it meets standards, and (4) a laissez-fair (let alone) approach to organizational change. (Burns, Bradley, Weiner, 2012, pp. 38-39) Both models are considered contemporary styles and are designed to address today’s need for leadership to†¦show more content†¦Such an example would be a recent â€Å"Code Black† situation that occurred across EMHS when the entire healthcare system lost computer network capabilities for several hours. Because the network failure r esulted in the inability to use the electronic medical record, email and all internet-related functions, an incident command structure was established and a single incident commander was assigned to direct activities related to patient care and network systems recovery. The leadership in this event was transactional in that tasks were assigned in a clear and concise manner, they were responded to or completed by subordinates, and appropriate rewards and recognition (which in this case were quick thank you’s) were provided throughout the course of the day. There was no time, nor was it appropriate given the circumstance for leaders to use inspirational messages to motivate staff which may have been interpreted in various ways across different followers. Transformational leaders influence subordinates through inspiration, storytelling, and relationship building. According to Bernard Bass one of the early developers of transformational leadership theory, transformational leadership is a form of leadership that occurs when leaders â€Å"broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and the mission of the group, and when

Risk Management- Analysis of Insurance Contracts

Question: Discuss about a Report on Risk Management- Analysis of Insurance Contracts? Answer: Introduction: An analysis on the established theory of insurance contracts has been made through the argumentative essay. The established theory taken here is the causative theory which involves two types of insurance parties which are first and third party instances. Through this, the efficient proximate cause is studied through case analysis. The efficient proximate cause taken here for the study is peril causes direct loss. There are three types of perils which are immediate peril, intervening peril and initiating peril. The insurance policies that are covered by fire and its related causes are the cases taken for study. The immediate peril refers to causes that have an instant perilous effect on the disaster. The intervening peril is those that intervene and thereby accelerate the intensity of the peril. Initiating perils are those that initiate and cause a peril. The fire insurance covers only those damages that are related to the peril. The efficient proximate cause does not apply to third-p arty policies while causative cause does not apply to first-party policies(Best Barnes, 2007). 2. Definitions Perils are devastations that are caused due to various reasons like a flood, lightening, earthquake, and other such reasons. Properties are generally insured against such perils. These perils are generally mentioned which being insured. Insurance is made on properties that include specific perils. Those perils that are not included under insurance are called as excluded perils. (Brown Gottlieb, 2008). Causation is connecting the peril that is the cause of the disaster and the loss of property or life. Types of Policies: Perils that are covered through various policies are Fire policy: This covers damages from lightning, fire, explosion, aircraft damage, strike, riot, storm, cyclone, hurricane, tempest, flood, earthquake, landslide and impact damage (Patukale, 2009). Mediclaim policy: This reimburses medical expenses that are incurred as an inpatient as a direct result of sickness or accident that has occurred or is contracted from any part world. Householders shopkeepers policy: This includes fire and its allied perils, housebreaking, burglary, baggage and personal accident and public liability (Loomba, 2014). Property Insurance: Insurance may be of two types which are Life insurance and Property insurance In property insurance, the policy considers the chain of events that caused the loss to property and the real cause of the loss to property. Efficient proximate causation is the direct causes that have resulted in that peril Types of Insurance First-Party Insurance Property insurance through first-party insurance is when the insurer is sued for the own loss of the insured. First party insurance is made on ones life, health, fire or disability. The policy is made on those that are mentioned in the contract of insurance. Third-Party Insurance Law distinguished When the insurance policy is purchased t protect oneself from another parties actions, it is called third-party insurance. Here the insured is the first party and the insurance company is the second party while getting protection from the claims of another party is termed as third party claim . Law of Causation The actual clause is the cause in fact. Causation connects the conduct with the result. It relates and connects the resulting effect and the conduct. The result may be an injury or damage. The damage should not be too remote; it should be a breach of duty thereby causing the damage. Causation is a component of tort. When there is liability insurance, there should be some harm that has occurred that has caused a loss to the claimant and this loss will be determined by the insurer in determining whether the loss will have to pay off. If the cause is covered by the policyholder, then the insurer will cover the loss and pay the amount of loss that is being claimed. The actual cause is the cause in fact which is measured through the clause but for. Here the plaintiff claims that he might not have been injured but for- the action of the defendant (Currier Eimermann, 2010). This is why the causation rule applies for third-party insurance liability policy. Two approaches in causation analysis There are two approaches to have causation is handled by the courts. They are Efficient proximate causation and Concurrent causation. Any remote reason that has caused the cause is done through the causation analysis and this is ruled in different ways in the courts of law. The cause that has caused the damage to property may be a proximate reason or a remote reason called as proximate causation and remote causation(Thoyts, 2010). Multiple-causation is when there is a substantial reason for the loss is more than one. The judge then selects from the various cause, determines if there is a real connection between the cause of loss and the damage. The claim is then made only if there is a true result of the loss to that property claimed(Kalis, Reiter, Segerdahl, 2015). Efficient proximate cause: Causa Proxima, no remote spectator is a Latin maxim on which the efficient proximate cause is based upon. This Latin phrase says that the immediate cause is taken for consideration while any remote cause cannot be considered while evaluating the cause of loss to property. If there are more than one cause, the efficient proximate cause is that which has initiated and set the other causes to occur. The loss is pointed to the efficient proximate cause though there may be other reasons that ultimately followed. The argument made here is that in the efficient proximate cause, the third party policies cannot be considered while, in the concurrent causation doctrine, first-party policies will not be considered(Best Barnes, 2007). The proximate cause is that cause which is due to the primary peril and is nearest in time to the result (Huebner, 1922). Rules inefficient proximate cause of loss: If the peril causes loss directly and it is covered, coverage will be provided through the policy. If the peril does not cause loss directly, it will not be covered by the policy (Mann Roberts, 2010). Some rules are The efficient proximate cause of loss might be peril that occurred before the peril nearer to the place or time of loss. The Efficient proximate cause of loss is peril that occurs without the concurrence of unforeseen circumstances. The efficient proximate cause of loss is a loss from a peril which has no intervening or intermediate or controlling cause. The efficient proximate cause of loss is peril acted upon by a subsequent peril(s) and may operate immediately to produce a . The efficient proximate cause of loss is connected essentially with the loss. The immediate peril is just incidental to the peril. Initiating peril does not become an efficient proximate cause of loss when the subsequent peril not immediately stimulated intervenes and causes loss. When there is independent perils, the efficient proximate cause of loss is the immediate or nearest peril The intervening cause of loss peril is independent if it intervenes into the natural event sequence. Initiating peril becomes proximate cause of loss when it naturally acted upon irrespective of whether it is a covered or excluded peril. Concurrent Causation Doctrine Analysis: Concurrent causes are those causes that are equal or almost equally efficient to the loss. To constitute a concurrent proximate cause, each of the peril must be a necessary condition to the loss too (Song, 2014). Traditional Rule: The traditional rule, over the years, has been applied to both first parties as well as to liability insurance. As per the traditional rule, when a covered peril is combined with a peril that has not been included, the loss is not covered by the insurance. So, it is required of the insured to show that his loss was caused only by the covered peril. In turn, it becomes the duty of the insurer to investigate and prove that causes that are not listed in the policy also play a role in the peril. If proved, then the losses will not be compensated for. A variation of the traditional rule has been applied by the traditional rule. Case Study: The methodology used to study the efficient proximate cause is through case analysis. The case analysis is made to study the initiating peril, the intervening peril, and the immediate peril. Each peril is analyzed through an independent case study and the fire policy that covers these policies is seen. The fire policy may be due to fire, thunder, storm, earthquake, etc. These reasons should be through a natural reason from an external source and not due to natural heating or spontaneous combustion. It also does not include theft, burglary, and larceny or due to the actions of any other person involved in the loss.(Arunajatesan Viswanathan, 2009) Case Study I- Initiating Peril: The initiating peril is that peril that has initiated the loss. The case studied here is: Queen had insured Paul Cox in Cox v. Queen Insurance Company of America. The contract for insurance was made against loss in the sea due to hail, windstorm or hurricane on the ship. However, the ship was not insured against tidal water or high water. The property of Cox at Fulton Beach in Texas was heavily damaged. The insured claimed that the loss to the ship was due to windstorm and hail. He claimed that the loss had resulted in heavy damage to the ship. However, the court claimed that there were many reasons that caused damage to the ship. The damage to the ship was not due to hailstorm only that had resulted in loss and damage to the ship. This was the declaration made by the court towards the property of Cox. The windstorm, the initiating peril, probably acted as the cause for the high water. In this case, the loss to the ship was not due to a hailstorm. The ship was damaged as the mast and the spars of the ship. Only if the loss had occurred due to the heavy hailstorm and it had been torn or carried away due to the heavy hailstorm it would have resulted in initiating peril(Owen, 1853). Another incident was seen through the Lydick v. Insurance Company of North America case where William and James Lydick were running a cattle feeding business. They were partners who had insured their cattle against windstorm. However, the cattle had strayed when there was a snowstorm. While straying, they had sustained a heavy injury while some of them had got lost. However, the court ruled that the cattle was injured as it had strayed away and not due to the snowstorm(Smith Simpson, 2006). Case Study II- Immediate Peril: James, on a visit to the feedlot, found around 99 cattle dead in a pond, because the cattle had apparently drowned once they had moved to a pond that was covered in ice and had broken through the ice. At the time of discovery of the cattle, the wind was blowing at the rate of 30 miles per hour and it had gusts up to 40 to 50 miles per hour, just like it had blown the previous day. The cattle appeared to have begun its descent into the sheltered area that is around the pond covered in ice(Smith Simpson, 2006). The ice covered pond comes into existence because of the cold and the windstorm. The temperature in the sheltered area is around 15 to 20 degrees warmer. It was concluded by the court that the loss was not caused directly by the windstorm. Rather, the collapse of the ice covering the pond was the immediate cause. Because it was sheltered from the cold wind, the temperature surrounding the pond region, which was depressed. However, they also argued that the cold wind is immediate cause that led to the cattle crossing the pond. The combination of the windstorm with the cold weather and the snowstorm all culminated and led to the loss of the life of the cattle. If the masts and spars of any ship are damaged or if the sail is torn or has been carried away, unless the loss is directly traced to perils of the sea that were immediate and violent, these expenses need not be borne by the underwriter (Owen, 1853). The term immediate cause does not necessarily mean the fire should be nearest to the loss throughout the sequence of events, it will come within the term fire even if it is not nearest to the sequence of loss and if other events merely contribute to it (Tyagi Tyagi, 2007). Case Study III- Intervening Cause: A yatch was insured for its hull. The yatch owner, Ronald Goodman, in the Goodman v. Firemans Fund Insurance Co., had the hull insurance from the Firemans Fund. The hull was not insured against ice and freeze by the insurance. During the cold winter, when the yatch was laid up, there was a heavy snow(Smith Simpson, 2006). The snow had frozen the cooling system and later the water drained into the hull and corrupted the cooling system and the yatch sank into the sea. The insured claimed that the yatch was insured and had sunk into the sea. However, the court ruled that the sea sank into the water due to the cooling system which had frozen and dropped cool water which had resulted towards its failure and sinking. The intervening cause which was loss due to the frozen was not insured against and Goodman could not get his claim (Hammond, 1840). Though there may be perils from the sea, unless the intervening cause is predominant it cannot be claimed against(Baughen, 2015). Conclusion: The research undertaken is an argumentative essay that has studied the efficient proximate cause. This has been done through studying three types of cases. It has been argued that unless the cause for loss, such as Loss of the ship in the case of Cox was not due to the initiating peril. The death of the cattle was not due to the ice but due to the windstorm and James could not claim his insurance. The loss of the and the hull was due to the freezing climate and was not the intervening peril. Case studies help to learn more about the laws. The case studies undertaken in insurance under efficient proximate cause prove that unless the cause for the loss is due to the most proximate reason it will not be considered (Frangiamore, 2012). The specific ground of proof should be sufficient to claim damages and the proof should be clear and be due to the immediate, intervening or initiating peril (Soyer Tettenborn, 2015)(Llewellyn, 2013). Through these arguments, these cases have been proved to show that the covered peril should be a part of the insurance. The argument made is that remote cause cannot be claimed by the insured. It is only the immediate, intervening or initiating cause that is relevant to the case that will be considered by the insurer. References Alexander, L. G. (1999). Essay and letter writing. Hyderabad: Orient Longman. Arunajatesan, S., Viswanathan, T. S. (2009). Risk management and insurance: Concepts and practices of life and general insurance. New Delhi: Macmillan. Baughen, S. (2015). Shipping law. New York: Routledge. Best, A., Barnes, D. W. (2007). Basic tort law: cases statutes and problems. New York: Aspen Publishers. Brown, R., Gottlieb. (2008). Introduction to ratemaking and loss reserving for property and casuality insurance. Connecticut: ACTEX Publications. Currier, K., Eimermann, T. (2010). Introduction to paralegal studies: A critical thinking approach. New York: Aspen Publishers. Frangiamore, D. (2012). How insurance companies settle cases. Costa Mesa: James Publishing Inc. Hammond, E. (1840). Treatise on the law of fire insurance and insurance on inland waters. New York: Kneeland and Metcalf Printers. Huebner, S. (1922). Property insurance. New York: D.Appleton and Company. Kalis, P., Reiter, T., Segerdahl, J. (2015). Policyholder guide to the law of insurance coverage. New York: Wolters Kluwer. Llewellyn, D. (2013). Teaching high school science through inquiry and argumentation. California: SAGE Publications. Loomba, J. (2014). Risk management and insurance planning. New Delhi: PHI Learning. Mann, R., Roberts, B. (2010). Business law and the legal environment. Boston: Cengage learning. Mathias, J., Shugrue, J., Marrinson, T. (2006). Insurance coverage disputes. New York: Law Journal Press. Murphy, L., Downs, A., Levin, J. (2007). Property insurance:Litigator's handbook. Chicago: ABA Publshing. Owen, S. (1853). The New York legal observer: Reports of cases decided in the courts of equity and common law. New York: Stephen Angel. Patukale, K. (2009). Insurance for everyone. Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd. Song, M. (2014). Causation in insurance contract law. New York: Informa Law. Soyer, B., Tettenborn, A. (2015). Offshore contracts and liabilities. New York: Informa Law. Thoyts, R. (2010). Insurance theory and practice. New York: Routledge. Tyagi, C. L., Tyagi, M. (2007). Insurance law and practice. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers.

Segmental, Productivity Ratio Analysis Essay Example

Segmental, Productivity Ratio Analysis Essay Learning Objectives : 1) Understand how cost analysis can be applied to market segments 2) Appreciate role of marketing experimentation in improving the allocation of marketing effort 3) Recognize the value of segmental productivity analysis 4) Critically perceive how ratio analysis can be used to understand the current position 5) Appreciate the relevance of strategic benchmarking How are resources utilized and with what returns needs to be understood by all companies – â€Å"Where are we now ? For doing this consider the company as a bundle of projects or activities , for example ? Reformulation and relaunch of product X ? Continued market service Y ? Successful development and launch of project Z Projects and activities can be further defined in terms of missions and this mix of projects and missions will be constantly changing with resource implications and profit consequences. Which to add and which to delete ? Ration available resources among competing activities. Estab lish the cost of each activity of the company to start with. Cost Categories need to be defined. Traditional focus puts product costing as the centre of costing systems. This could impede the ability to recognize the patterns of consumer preference and competitive positioning by market segment. Attributes of market segments are different from attributes of production processes – Direct costs are traceable to Labor, Material, and salary but Indirect Costs cannot be directly traced to cost objects. The assigning of a ‘fair share’ of indirect costs, along with direct costs, is the heart of Absorption Costing (Full Costing). Deciding the full cost of a cost object in every company is thus worked out by adding an allowance usually on hourly rate for use of all indirect factors (power, equipment, rent, insurance, salaries of reception/supervisory/staff etc. ) MARKETING COST ANALYSIS Most companies do not know what part of their total marketing outlay is spent on each product, sales territory , or customer group is because they do not have a refined system of cost analysis. Vagueness of costs like packaging – is it a promotional, production, or a distribution expense ? We will write a custom essay sample on Segmental, Productivity Ratio Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Segmental, Productivity Ratio Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Segmental, Productivity Ratio Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Need exists for planning and control techniques to indicate levels of performance required and achieved, as well as outcome of shifting marketing efforts from one segment to another. Cost Data could be inaccurate for some of the following reasons :- †¢ Marketing costs on products, territories being allocated on the basis of sales value or sales volume instead of causal factors like order-getting marketing expenditure thus missing out on the concept of opportunity cost of alternatives †¢ Indirect and administrative costs are arbitrarily allocated to segments on the basis of sales volume †¢ Some costs are not identified clearly Marketing Cost Analysis overcomes these problems and aims to ? Analyze costs incurred in order-getting and order-filling aspects so that overall profits can be determined after combining with product cost data ? Determine Profit by product line ? Costs involved in serving different classes of customers, territories and other segments to find the relative profit performance ? Compute figures like cost per sales call, cost per order, cost to acquire new customer, cost of holding inventory for a year etc. Evaluate managers as per their actual controllable cost responsibilities ? Evaluate alternate strategies or plans with full cost Marketing segments may be one or a combination of the following ? Product line or range ? Channel of distribution ? Sales representative or territory ? Customer or Industry group ? Size of order When selecting the segment of interest, the approach to costing should be selected from alternatives such as (a) Absorption (Full ) costing (b) Variable ( Direct or M arginal ) costing. Profit Analysis by channel can be done by comparing the net profit figures or can by Variable costing method be done by comparing the marketing contribution ( Variable contribution less Fixed direct marketing costs ). Customer Profitability Analysis Implementation of CPA can be done by following steps 1) Define customer groups and market segments by distinguishing their needs of each 2) Identify the factors which cause variations in the costs of servicing those customers. This can be done by identifying the key elements of the marketing mix used for each different group or segment ) Analyze the ways in which service offerings are differentiated between customer groups e. g. terms of trade could vary between home-based and overseas customers, between large and small customers, speed of delivery , to key accounts 4) Identify the resources that have been used for each group or segment – including personnel, warehouse facilities, administrative back-up, etc. 5) Ways in which the c osts of resources (step 4) can be attributed to the customer groups 6) Relate revenues and costs to each group, with profit emerging as the difference Interpretation of Data The danger of absorption-based segmental analysis is that â€Å"bottom line† could be taken as the basis for action. This should not be the approach. The aim should be to take net profit as the criterion for investigation. Segmental productivity analysis would reveal % contribution to total profits by each product , and also % total time of available selling time. This could show that a high % of selling time is being devoted to low or unprofitable products. Questions which can then arise are Increasing net profits proportionately more than the marketing budget can increase marketing productivity ? ? Increase net profits without marketing outlays ? ? Increase net profits with decrease in marketing costs ? ? Decreasing net profits but with proportionately greater decrease in marketing costs ? Marketing Experimentation Studies of marketing costs can be the basis of experiments to identify all controllable independent factors that affect a particular depend ant variable. This can answer the questions such as If marketing outlay is raised , how much would the net profit contribution of most profitable product be increased and how will that affect strategy of competitors in terms of stability and market share ? o By how much would the net losses of unprofitable products be reduced if some decrease was made in specific marketing outlays ? o By how much would the profit contribution of profitable products be affected by a change in the marketing effort on unprofitable products ( and vice versa ) and its effect on total marketing system ? By how much will total profit contribution be improved if some marketing efforts are diverted to profitable territories or customer groups from unprofitable ones ? o By how much will the net profit contribution be increased if there is change in method of distribution to small unprofitable accounts, or if these accounts were dropped ? Nature of Productivity Productivity can be at macro level ( entire indus try or whole economies ) or at micro level ( particular company or activities in a company ). Our focus would be at the micro level , and marketing productivity can be expressed as Marketing Outputs / Marketing inputs Sevin has defined it â€Å" as ratio of sales or net profits to marketing costs for a specific segment of the business†. The inflationary and monetary factors need to be considered when comparing value of sales in different periods of time. To consider a particular productivity index from distribution domain. Productivity index = no. of orders shipped / no. of labor hours worked Such indexes are meaningful only when compared to some meaningful figures such as ? Internal Comparisons – figures from previous periods to do trend analysis. Figures representing efficient or desired performance, for budgetary control ? External Comparisons – with other organizations within same markets Use of Ratios Their value lies in the relative measures and not absolute measures. Discretion is needed in choosing the ratios that are useful. Seasonal sales need to have different method for collecting and comparing data and the ultimate financial measure of short-term efficiency is the relationship between Net Profit and Capital Employed or ROI Net Profit / Capital employed X 100 = ROI Always be sure of the definition of numerators and denominators e. g. is net profit pre-tax or post-tax ? Is capital employed based on historic cost or replacement cost figures ? Primary Ratio Net Profit / Capital Employed Secondary Ratio Net Profit / Sales revenue Sales revenue / Capital employed Tertiary Ratios are those that constitute the secondary ratios and general cause of deviation from ROI target rate is found by computing profit ratio and the capital turnover ratio first. Before corrective action the 4 simple tertiary ratios need to be done 1. Gross Profit / Sales Revenue 2. Sales Revenue / Operating Costs 3. Sales Revenue / Fixed assets 4. Sales Revenue / Working Capital The many other levels of ratio pyramid ( page 100 of Wilson Gilligan ) can be identified and used for finding the reasons for overall outcomes. Analyzing Ratios and Trends Declining ROI can be thought to be prima facie due to falling net profit to sales revenue but it also can be linked to particular quantity of capital investment. From published accounts it is possible to see Primary, Secondary and Tertiary ratios of competing companies. Major cause of divergence between results of two companies can be found in their different accounting techniques and definitions e. g. two companies buy the same asset at the same time but one company chooses to depreciate asset over 4 years whereas the other takes 100% depreciation allowance in the first year. Profit Impact of Market Strategy ( PIMS ) has done research on 3000 SBUs and what drives profits for 25 years and have their results suggest that business performance can be grouped into 4 major categories : Market Attractiveness – customer bargaining power, market complexity, market growth, innovation etc. ? Competitive Strength – market share position, customer preference relative to competitors’ offerings, market coverage, product range have all contributions ? Value Added Structure – investment intensity, fixed/working capital split, employee productivity, make vs buy, capacity use, and vertical integration ? People and Organization – Lea n organization, participative culture, Incentives, Training, Insiders Vs. Outsiders The various ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ profiles are chosen from all the variables and PIMS findings were startling. Weaker profit business would make 6% ROS or 10% ROCE whereas the strong-profile business would make 11% ROS or 30% ROCE over a 4 year period. Both Ratio analysis and Productivity analysis can help in establishing the pattern of resource utilization and its productivity. This analysis would reveal the need to do Segmental reallocation to improve segments’ productivity. Ratio analysis and other such techniques can only indicate â€Å"where we are now† but cannot answer what to do next.

Current Issue in Federalism

Throughout the world’s history, conflicts have emerged on how to unite state and federal powers within one system of governance. To date, several controversies indicate how these conflicts continue. This paper examines the current federal issue of the same-sex marriage, its pros and cons, and my own opinion regarding the best power division.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issue in Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Same-sex marriage was once a concern for individual states, but currently it is emerging as a federal issue. This has triggered the debate to shift from the state courts and legislatures to the federal courts with the interest groups looking for the best platform to present their case. Earlier, the federal government was prohibited to legalize same-sex marriage by the Defense of Marriage Act. In addition, state governments were also included. However, as from 2004, states began legalizing it. Relative to the advantages, federal involvement on same-sex marriage can promote individualism. This will help with accommodation of interests of the bigger majority like culture, style, or language (Bond Smith, p. 76). However, state government is better placed to enhance policy positions that are specific to its area and needs of its constituents. On the other hand, federal government formulates policies that cater for the majority in order to create a balance between the states. Next, it will allow for experimentation of various laws and policies across different states. In regard to the disadvantages, federal government involvement in the same-sex marriage has contributed to various challenges. First and foremost, conflicts have erupted between states due to different policies pertaining same-sex marriage (Bond Smith, p. 86). Different states develop their own individual customs and culture pertaining to same-sex marriage. Every time one crosses a state boundar y he or she is bound by different laws and policies. Therefore, it is challenging for the federal government to come up with a strong policy as the states are often divided on the issue. Secondly, this has an adverse effect on the economy.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The central government is responsible for handling the overall economy although each state has its unique economy. Same-sex marriage faces huge economic disparities, as opposed to heterosexual marriages. Same-sex couples are not legitimately recognized as married couples. In this case, they are not entitled to some of the states’ or federal government benefits such as exemption from taxes like the heterosexual couples. For instance, a heterosexual spouse is not subjected to taxation in inheritance cases from his or her deceased partner whereas a same-sex couple is subjected taxation. Furthermore, feder alism has led to the growth of inequality mostly among the minority groups. This leads to mental problems such as stress due to stigmatization. Studies from various states prohibiting same-sex marriages have revealed that the majority of same-sex couples exhibited mental heath problems. This was attributed to minority stress resulting from stigmatization of the minority groups and psychological distress. Moreover, the negative campaign associated with its ban is what increased the stress. Apart from the mental health problem, the ban on same-sex marriage leads to other physical health problems. For instance, its ban is said to have triggered an increase in HIV infection in some states. Finally, the division of power between federal and state government based on confederation is the best. In this case, the federal government receives direct grant power from the states government, but not from the citizens (Bond Smith, p. 73). This would allow for optimum resource utilization and for mulation of policies. As mentioned, state government is better placed to handle local needs. Thus, the federal government would be best suited for international issues and defense. Works Cited Bond, Jon R. K.B. Smith. The Promise and Performance of American Democracy. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education, 2008. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issue in Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Current Issue in Federalism was written and submitted by user Tristin Mcintyre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Strategy Analysis Essay examples

Strategy Analysis Essay examples Strategy Analysis Essay examples Strategy analysis of Dell 1. Introduction. Since the PC industry has developed rapidly over the past decade, corporations in this industry face strong worldwide competitions and challenges. Dell, as one of the most successful enterprise in PC industry, offers a wide rage of products, the principal products includes desktop PCs, notebook computers, workstations,and servers. (Datamonitor Plc., 2011). From 1998 to 2006, Dell had strong financial performance and became the biggest seller of personal computers globally(Schwießelmann, 2010), However, recently, Dell start to lose its competitive edge in PC marketplace. (The Economists, 2006). The purpose of this report is to analyse what challenge the company faces, what internal and external factors that influences Dell's business, what is the current strategy of Dell, the advantages and disadvantages of its business strategy. Further recommendations will be made to develop a suitable strategy to help Dell beats its competitors and survive in the low- margin, highly competition industry. In this report, several tools and theories like SWOT, Value Chain and Corporate Social Responsibility will be used to analyse the strategy of this company. 2. Background. Michael Dell established his PC company with 1000 US dollars in 1984 when he was a student at the University of Texas.( Sabri and Shaikh, 2009). Michael founded this company with a simple vision that computers could be assemble to order and sold directly to customers(The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002). In 1987, Dell's first international office was founded and Sale to government agencies started to make serious profit in 1988 and soon it become Dell's major business (ibid.). In 1996, Dell founded its own website and started to sell computers directly trough internet.( Sabri and Shaikh, 2009) which totally changed the PC selling market. Dell now have become the world second largest PC makers and its success mainly because of its unique supply chain(ibid.). The core competence of Dell is the build-to-order process, it makes Dell assemble computers in a very short time and deliver and order directly to its customers(Giachetti, 2010). This order fulfillment process gives Dell competitive advantages of costs in the low-margin IT industry and it cannot be easily replicated by its competitors(ibid.).The mission statement of Dell is 'to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve ' (Walker, 2003, pp. 264). In order to achieve the mission, Dell need to meet customers demands with high quality, low price, leading innovation, individual and corporate responsibility, best services, flexible customization ability and stability in finance situation (Walker, 2003). The key stakeholders of Dell is its customers, employees, shareholders,suppliers, communities and the environment (Dell,2011).The major competitors in enterprise PC and server markets are HP, Apple, Acer, IBM and Toshiba (Dataminitor Plc., 2011). Main competitors in retail marketplace are Asus , Acer, HP, Sony, Lenovo and Apple(ibid.). What is more, since Dell has entered into smartphone market in 2010, Apple, HTC and RIM are the main competitors in mobile business(ibid.). Strong competition exists in all of its segments. Analysis of Strategy. 3.1 Current strategy of Dell Before 2007, Dell did not sell PCs through retail outlets(The Economics,2006) Products of Dell was only sold directly through web site or phone-centers, and then assemble to order, this model was regarded as one of the most efficient business model(The Economist,2006) Distributors and retailers are excluded in its supply chain(ibid.). The just-in-time inventories and online sales cut the costs thus Dell could provide lower prices. However, since 2007, Dell started to sell PC products through retail stores or their own kiosks (Hoffman, 2007).However, Dell does not have many inventory in these stores. Customer only tests

On the oregon trail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On the oregon trail - Essay Example I was used to seeing Indians hunt my relatives and neighbors for trophies and food. My family was lucky since my father was protective and always knew the paths to use in order for us to avoid confrontations with the Native Indians. At the beginning of the  1840s, my father and mother used to give me tales regarding a community that trekked as they moved towards the mountains. This community, which was different from the natives  in skin color and the mannerisms, had first made the trip to Oregon in 1836. However, the 1840s marked the largest migration when what I could hear being called ‘pioneers’ made the trip in a group that my family and friends estimated to be about a thousand (â€Å"The Oregon Trail†). They had different objectives to move to different locations. In this case, I heard that some looked for some stones called gold, which I heard people say was precious and was available in a place called California. Others looked for farmlands in Oregon’s Willamette Valley in order to carry out farming activities (â€Å"The Oregon Trail†). I did not know what farmlands were, but I was shocked to find out that my neighbors and I could not roam freely once this new group of people settled in a place. These people moved  with  strange  things, which I understood carried their possessions, and I had not seen such things in my life. However, some other strange animals used to pull these wagons with some of these animals resembling buffaloes while others had some similarities with zebras, although without the stripes with some of them very huge than zebras. I came to understand that the animals that resembled zebras were either mules or horses while those that were similar to buffalos were oxen (â€Å"The Oregon Trail†). One thing I could not understand was why these people could not mount on these carriages. Instead, most of them walked the 2,000 miles on foot. In effect, some of them died

Identifying Ethical Differences in Culture Essay

Identifying Ethical Differences in Culture - Essay Example In regarding guanxi, it usually outstrips any rules and regulations that run contrary to it. In China guanxi obliges one to defer to a complex system of personal relationships and moral obligations, which may even date back generations, in all aspect of life. This certainly includes business as well. Guanxi places relationships above all other considerations and in business one may be forced to use their position to purchase products from an associate that may in fact be more expensive or of less quality than is available somewhere else. Actions like these, if detected by a company from one of its staff would usually be grounds for dismissal as well as legal action in many cases. This disparity between worlds is due to one of the major cultural differences between the U.S. and China. In the US business and even personal relationships are usually transactional, that is there is a give and take that is considered an equitable exchange between two parties. This usually holds for both bu siness entities as well as personal relationships. Chinese cultural is far more relationally oriented and is often guided by complex associations of family and friends over many generations. Based essentially upon honor and respect, it is far more important to maintain good relationships under the rules of guanxi than it is to do what is best for your company. This is of course considered treason in the U.S., while in China it is accepted and tolerated by most organizations. Although the law does limit it to some extent and the excessive.

Security Essentials 1.5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Essentials 1.5 - Essay Example Contemporary society confronts security experts with distinct and frequently unprecedented security-associated concerns. The security sector was known as a growth sector even before 9/11 (Clifford, 2003). Affairs between civic law implementation agencies and private security experts in more recent years have been limited, even though it is purportedly transforming. History is full of cases where security purposes have been accomplished through the application of innovative minds, resourceful plans, and easily accessible solutions. Sectors evolve to meet these new social demands as society itself evolves. Exploration of artifacts offers evidence that shows attempts by the earliest communities to secure themselves from internal and external dangers. Particular communities discovered methods that were more dignified in an effort to assure security protection by building tools, starting agriculture, and settling in the long-term. These communities resided in regions with certain climates that presented particular security dangers as well as defenses (Clifford). Kangaroo justice was still a preferred option even after the establishment of formalized legislation in educated nations such as the United States. Historians commonly agree that tribal leaders or household members who represented the rest of the family determined security aims during eras that preceded recorded history and areas where legislations could not be implemented freely like the American Frontier. Archeological proof imply that civilizations dating as far back as five millennia BC designed and implemented laws to identify proper behavior. Ancient recorded attempts to build a series of criteria has been credited to the Sumerians as far back as five millennia BC. The Code of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE, is the later legal cannon that adopted Sumerian cannons, set up by King Hammurabi, and discovered in 1901. Draco’s Law applied to Athens in 621 BC and included punishments for numerous crimes that

Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay

Why Did Stalin Emerge As Leader Of Russia Politics Essay After the death of Lenin in 1924 there was no clear successor, this led to a lot of confusion within Russia. A collective leadership was formed compromising Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev. At the time this was seen as a practical solution, with Russia being governed through the Politburo. Stalin used this to his advantage to gain power within the Communist Party and the government. The main two contenders at this time were Stalin and Trotsky. Both men had different strengths and weaknesses; Stalin was seen as a grey blur, someone who had great administrational abilities but lacked personality. Stalin was seen as a more central figure within the Communist party whereas Trotsky was seen more left wing. This wasnt Trotsky only disadvantage, unlike Stalin, Trotsky was brought up within a Jewish family and was a former Menshevik. This made Trotsky an easy target for his rivals. Trotsky however was the more popular of the two and took a more active role within debates where Stalin would stay away. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. At Lenins funeral Stalin gave a speech creating the impression he was deeply upset at the passing of his former superior. Stalins main rival, Trotsky, didnt even turn up to the funeral, stating that no one had informed him when the funeral was to take place. The funeral was an occasion which demonstrated both the skills of Stalin in manipulating events and Trotskys lack of judgement  [1]  . Trotsky was left isolated; many within the Bolshevik party saw Trotskys absence as an insult to Lenins memory. It also highlighted that Stalin wanted to continue Lenins work. He also created a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin decided to have Lenins body embalmed so people could worship him, further increasing his popularity. Another failing of Trotsky was his decision not to publish Lenins final testament. Along with Zinoviev, Trotsky decided against publishing his testament, the main reason behind this was that it criticised many other the other Politburo members. If this document would had been made public knowledge Stalin never would have gained the leadership as he was heavily criticised and Lenin recommended the removal of Stalin from within the Communist part. Unfortunately Stalin had firmly established himself within the Bolshevik party. He was seen as a party man rather than an individualist. As Woods states He had out manoeuvred his arch-rival on every possible front, not least through his skilful manipulation of the cult of Leninism  [2]  . He had proven he was a clever politician and the gap between Stalin and Trotsky was widening which helped him secure power. The structure of the Communist Party at the time was a great aid to Stalin. He held key positions, one of which was General Secretary, which he had held since 1922. This was a key position that enabled Stalin significant power as Stalin had access to thousands of personal documents on his fellow party members. With the introduction of the Lenin Enrolment Plan in 1923 the job of General Secretary became even more advantageous. This plan was introduced in an effort to recruit more working class members. Stalin was now able to recruit new members of his choosing, mainly people who would be loyal to him. Stalin now had the power to out vote any opposition he encountered and could dictate orders to his rivals, as one historian states all opposition of the 1920s ended up with the same central grievance: the party had become bureaucratized, Stalin had killed tradition of internal party democracy.  [3]   Stalin now had the power to promote members to key positions within the party, mainly people who would support him against his rivals. Stalin began to isolate his rivals which led to the formation of the United Opposition in 1926. This group included former Triumvirate members Kamanev and Zionviev, Trotsky was also a member. These members where often isolated at party conferences and as a result they became weaker while Stalin continued to gather support. It was Stalins ability to appoint members to positions rather them be elected which gave him the power to win elections and to steadily build up his power base. Stalin now began launching personal attacks upon his rivals, often playing them off against each other. His main source of ammunition was the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the ideological differences. The NEP was introduced by Lenin to stop the Russian economy from collapsing, it allowed for some private profit business to be established. The United Opposition believed that the NEP was to capitalist, however Stalin criticised this view, claiming that they opposed Lenins ideas and branded them traitors under the Party Unity rule that banned members from creating parties within the party. Once Stalin had discredited the left wing to the point that they posed little threat to him he turned his attention to the right wing. This mainly compromised Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky, with Bukharin being his main threat. Unlike the left wing, these members wanted the continuation of the NEP believing the survival of the communist state relied on it. Stalin claimed that by supporting the NEP they we re undermining the revolution as it was a capitalist enterprise. Stalin was clever in his handling of these affairs, manipulating members against each other and they ultimately ousted each other from the party. Stalin had other differences of opinion with the United Opposition, and in particular Trotsky. Stalin wanted a state of Socialism in One Country, whereas Trotsky wanted a Permanent Revolution, however many Bolsheviks mistrusted Trotsky on this issue believing it was a Menshevik idea. With Trotskys history of being a member of the Mensheviks Stalin was easily able to discredit his rival and his ideas, portraying him as disloyal. Through his Socialism in One Country Stalin was able to gather more support, showing himself as a patriot. Stalin was also assisted by Trotsky himself when he produced The Lessons of October. This is due to the fact that The lessons of October was used by Leon Trotsky to attack Kamenev and Zinoviev; this then led to them attacking him even more. As a result Trotsky had to step down as commissar of the army and therefore lost a lot of his political influence. Seeing as Trotsky was one of Stalins main political opponents this also helped Stalin in his rise to power. It was often Stalins political opponents own weaknesses that helped his cause. For instance, Trotsky was an arrogant man, this helped Stalin. Of all the times Stalin manipulated Trotsky, like the incident at Lenins funeral, not once did Trotsky speak out and state what Stalin had been doing. This meant that no body really knew what Stalin was like behind the scenes. Surely if Trotsky spoke out and exposed Stalin then people would not have admired Stalin so much but on the contrary would have reviled him. Therefore Stalin may not have risen to power so easily. Another instance of the political powers showing weaknesses is the sucking in of Kamenev and Zinoviev by Stalin. They were both very naive. They were misled by Stalin and lied to for his own success. Also one of the main factors which show that the politicians were weak was the fact that many of the other politicians were very straight forward and stuck to their principles. This meant that they never really took a different appr oach even though Stalin did. Therefore Stalin constantly had the upper hand in political affairs.   Also, many of the politicians underestimated Stalin due to the fact that he was very quiet and never participated in key debates; this led to him being described as a grey blur by his political colleagues. As a consequence he was able to do many things, such as form a triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev, and not get noticed. Some Historians believe that Stalins rise was due to the structural changes that occurred within the government rather than Stalins personal qualities. As party administration began to replace the government, administration replaced politics. With this new system the majority of power fell into the hands of the party secretariat and general secretary, Stalin. It was though these positions that Stalin began to build a power base from; he began influencing major policies and to win votes off people he had personally appointed. Although his personality could be seen as the most significant factor, it was other circumstances that aided his rise to power. Through a combination of his ruthlessness and determination, his attacks on his opposition and through their own flaws, he was able to take advantage of his position within the Communist Party. The economic and political confusion after Lenins death and also the civil war also helped him to gather support in both the Politburo and Central committee. All these factors gave him an edge over his rivals. Therefore by 1929 Stalin was able to convince the Communist Party that he was the best candidate to carry on Lenins work, and to control Russia. As one of his fellow party members stated, He was a man whose aim was very clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he accomplished it in the most convincing wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and he allowed nothing to get in his way.

Back to the Future: Past, Present, and Future

Jeff Harber Professor Barnaby Palmer GLA 618 OL1: Film Music History 6 December 2012 Back to the Future: Past, Present, and Future Whether you are a movie buff or just a dude from the 80's, there is a good chance you have seen the classic movie â€Å"Back to the Future. † Accompanied by an iconic cast and crew, the movie garnered so much popularity, Universal Studios pumped out three installments of the Trilogy –†Back to the Future 1, 2, and 3. With Steven Spielberg's and Robert Zemeckis' stamp, Back to the Future not only launched Michael J. Fox's career, but undoubtedly changed movies forever.There is much to discuss and analyze about all three installments. These would include actor choices, spotting, direction, acting, and most importantly the soundtrack and musical choices for all 3. Considering all 3 movie plots jump from decade to decade, it can be analyzed literally from past, present, and future. Inevitably, Back to the Future's success also led to severa l video game launches, a ride at Universal Studios in Hollywood and Orlando, an animated series, and even a comic book. Let's go back to the year 1985, you and your bodacious friends want to hang ten with the dudes, so you guys catch a flick at the local cineplex.Your choices are Mask, Teen Wolf, or Back to the Future. You mean the guy from Family Ties? So you take your chances on Back to the Future. Good choice! Of all things, Eric Stolz, the main actor in Mask, was originally cast for the role of Marty Mcfly when production of Back to the Future began on November 26,1984. Stoltz was filmed for four weeks, but after seeing a rough cut, Steven Spielberg and the writer/directors decided that Stoltz had played the role â€Å"too seriously† for a comedy, and he was replaced by Michael J. Fox (Futurepedia). Back To The Future was written by Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis, and mainly starred Michael J.Fox and Christopher Lloyd. The movie opened on July 3, 1985 and grossed $210 milli on at the US box office, making it the highest grossing film of 1985 (IMDb). The basic synopsis of Back to the Future 1, is about a young man named Marty Mcfly who accidentally travels into the past and jeopardizes his own future existence. With the help of an eccentric local scientist named Dr. Emmett L. Brown, he manages to travel back in time via a time machine made from a DeLorean. This was done by breaking the time barrier in what was called temporal displacement allowing it to travel along the space-time continuum.When the first script was made, a refrigerator was the planned prop for the time machine. Later Steven Spielberg decided he didn't want kids trapped inside their refrigerators trying to play time traveling games (Funtrivia). Done carefully, Bones Howe (music supervisor) and Alan Silvestri (composer) gathered an array of perfectly fit songs to cater both the 1950's as well as the 1980's. The movie jumps from decade to decade throughout the movie, and makes it apparent when it does. The movie starts out when Marty is late for school, he gets on his skateboard and we hear a fantastic song by Huey Lewis and the News, the â€Å"Power of Love. Later in the movie, we hear another solid track by Huey Lewis entitled â€Å"Back in Time. † By the way, Huey Lewis makes a cameo as a judge. When Marty tries out for the school competition, Huey says, â€Å"hold it. hold it†¦ I'm afraid you are just too darn loud. † This is also considered diagetic music in the film. Marty's first time travel sent him to the year 1955. Marty, immediately, arrives at the Twin Pines Ranch, which was owned by Otis Peabody. Marty crashes into the barn on Mr. Peabody's property which causes the entire Peabody family to wake up and come outside.Marty encounters many differences between 1985 and 1955, including a cleaner, less run-down ambiance in the Courthouse Square. While searching for a younger Doc Brown, he meets his father and accidentally interferes with t he first meeting of his parents–being hit by his grandfather's Chevrolet in his father's place. While in the 1950's, some of the songs we hear are such great classics â€Å"Night Train† by Marvin Berry, â€Å"Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)† by Marvin Berry, â€Å"Wallflower† by Etta James, and â€Å"Johnny B. Goode† by Chuck Berry aka Marty Mcfly.Some people complained that Back to the Future was a racist movie because Chuck Berry was inspired by a white guy. Sometimes a joke is just a joke; but Chuck Berry liked it. (Davis). Finally we have the sensational score by Alan Silvestri. At times the score is adventurous, and at times it's sad. The spotting is done just right to balance the dynamics of the movie. Also, there is a leitmotif that accompanies the movie, in fact, it accompanies all 3 movies of the trilogy, and never goes unnoticed. Upon the success of the first film, Robert Zemeckis (director) and Bob Gale (writer) agreed to do a 2nd movie.I n fact, they also intended on a 3rd movie, and both the 2nd and 3rd Back to the Future were filmed simultaneously and released six months apart. Back to the Future 2, with a budget of $40 million, grossed nearly $331 million at the box office (IMDb). The characters of George Mcfly and Jennifer Parker were played by different actors from those in the first film, requiring scenes that overlap to be re-shot. Jennifer Parker which was originally played by Claudia Wells, and replaced by Elisabeth Shue in the second film. Claudia claims she turned the roll down when she found out her mother was diagnosed with cancer (Futurepedia).George Mcfly, who was originally played by the quirky Crispin Glover, was later replaced by Jeffrey Weissman. Crispin Glover refused to return to the trilogy due to salary disputes. Back to the Future 2 pans back and forth from 1955, to 1985, and all the way to 2015; the past, present and future. Needless to say, Bob Gale and Zemeckis attempted to predict what 20 15 would like and sound like. Some songs used in the 2015 scenes, were â€Å"Beat it† by Michael Jackson, â€Å"I Can't Drive 55† by Sammy Hagar, â€Å"Mr. Sandman† by The Four Aces, and â€Å"Papa Loves Mambo† by the Perry Como.The filmmakers did do some research into what scientists thought may occur in the year 2015. Bob Gale also commented; â€Å"We knew we weren't going have flying cars by the year 2015, but God we had to have those in our movie. â€Å"(Q & A) The film was also considered one of the most ground-breaking projects for Industrial Light & Magic. It was one of the effects house's first forays into digital compositing, as well as the VistaGlide motion control camera system, which enabled them to shoot one of the film's most complex sequences, in which Michael J.Fox played three separate characters, all of whom interacted with each other. Although such scenes were not new, the VistaGlide allowed, for the first time, a completely dynamic s cene in which camera movement could finally be incorporated. The technique was also used in scenes where Thomas F. Wilson's character (Biff Tannen) had to interact with a younger version of himself. (Zemeckis) Six months after Back to the Future 2 was released in the theaters, the Back to the Future team released Back to the Future 3 on May 25, 1990.Again on a budget of $40 million, this one cashed in at $244 Million. The film takes place immediately after the events of Back to the Future Part II. While stranded in 1955, Marty McFly discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett â€Å"Doc† Brown was killed by Biff Tannen's great-grandfather Buford. Marty decides to travel to 1885 to rescue Doc and return to his own timeline. This time, Alan Silvestri had to create his soundtrack based in the year 1885. However, he still maintained the leitmotif throughout the picture.The years 1985 and 1955 are still relevant in the 3rd movie, and it jumps around. The popular group ZZ Top make an appea rance, as they perform â€Å"Doubleback† during a festival in 1885. This was also considered diagetic —-performed for the actors and the audience to hear. Huey Lewis' â€Å"Power of Love† is also heard again. In 1989, a video game, based on the original Back to the Future movie was produced for the 8-bit Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by video game publisher LJN a subsidiary of Acclaim games. This has some similarity to the 1983 Atari video game E. T. where producers felt it would sell solely on brand association to the hit movie and the game designers were only given five weeks in order to produce a product to get it on the shelves for the 1982 Christmas shopping rush. Reviewers also cited that game as virtually unlike the film and was a major contributor to an economic downturn known as the Great Video Game Crash of 1983. There are only two songs found in the entire game. One is â€Å"Johnny B. Goode† which will play during the school dance that Ma rty is playing on stage and sounds close to the version heard in the film.The other song is a repetitive looping song that will play throughout the game in non-mini game moments. There are suggestions that the song is supposed to be â€Å"The Power Of Love† by Huey Lewis ; The News sped up and cycled differently. But it winds up sounding nothing like the actual song made famous in the movie. Nes also later released Back to the Future 2 and 3 as a single game in 1990. Back to the Future II ; III received largely negative reviews from critics. Stan Stepanic of Gamefreaks365. om gave the game positive remarks in regards to similarities with The Goonies II, but gave it a largely negative review due to the lack of a password or save feature coupled with its notorious length, although there was a code to skip to the second half of the game. Back to the Future II ; III's length has often been cited as the game's major weakness, Stan stating that it took him roughly six hours just to map it, and he spent so much time trying to finish it he actually turned it off out of boredom. (Gamefreaks). Sega Genesis also released their own version of Back to the Future 3 in 1991.It was a lot different than the Nintendo version. However, it was just as unpopular, the opening level was nearly impossible to complete. Finally in 2010, Telltale Games released Back to the Future on PC and Mac; and later was also released on the Ipad and Playstation 3. This was given way better reviews than the predecessors, and remains the best game of yet. Ben PerLee from GameZone summarized his praise of the game by saying it is a â€Å"feel good cinematic experience that any fan of Back to the Future will want to check out, and everyone else would do well to check it out. GameZone) Back to the Future: The Animated Series was an animated series based on the Back to the Future trilogy as well. The series lasted two seasons, each lasting 13 episodes, and ran on CBS from September 7, 1991 to Nov ember 28, 1992, the date of the last original episode. Harvey Comics also published a series of Back to the Future comic books starting in November 1991. With the cover header reading â€Å"The Adventure Has Only Begun! ,† the first issue featured Doc & Marty in 1927 Chicago. On May 2,1991 the Universal Studios Theme park in Florida released Back To The Future: The Ride.It was a simulator ride based on the popular movie trilogy of the same name. It was a mini-sequel to Back to the Future Part III. Later at Universal Studios Hollywood, they opened the same ride on June 12, 1993 ; and then at Universal Studios Japan on March 31, 2001. The Orlando and Hollywood versions closed in 2007 (Futurepedia). Although Back to the Future creators Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale had no involvement with the ride, they were consulted as to whether they â€Å"got Doc right†. The two responded with a â€Å"yes†. They have also commented that â€Å"it's a great ride. In addition, ref erences are made to a â€Å"Zemeckis-Gale diagram† and â€Å"Gale-Zemeckis Coordinates (Giveneyestosee) With the huge success of the Back to the Future Trilogy, you can see where a simple idea can turn into a big one. When you take risks on a new actor, and stamp something with a touch of great directing, production, and a great score —- you never know what could happen. Back to the Future will always remain a classic no matter what generation it leads to; whether it be 1955,1985, or even 2015. Works Cited â€Å"Back to the Future II & III Review. Review. Gamefreaks365, n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Back to the Future Part II. † IMDb. IMDb. com, n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Back to the Future: The Ride. † FuturePedia. Wikia, n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Back to the Future: The Ride. † Giveneyestosee. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. â€Å"BTTF Trilogy. † The â€Å"Back To The Future† Trilogy. Funtrivia, n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. à ¢â‚¬Å"Claudia Wells. † Futurepedia. Wikia, n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. Davis, Cindy. â€Å"Pajiba. † Mindhole Blowers: 20 Facts About Back to the Future That Might Make Your Flux Capacitor Hit 1. 21 Gigawatts.N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Futurepedia. † Futurepedia. Wikia, n. d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. IMDb. IMDb. com, n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. PerLee, Ben. â€Å"Back to the Future: The Game Review. † Back to the Future – The Game Review. GameZone, 28 Dec. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Q&A Commentary with Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale, Back to the Future Part II Blu-Ray, 2010. † Interview. DVD Blu Ray. N. d. Television. Robert Zemeckis, Bob Gale (2005). Back to the Future Feature: Making the Trilogy Part 2. Los Angeles: Universal Pictures. N. d. Television.

Cost Accounting 14th Edition Problem 15-35

COST ACCOUNTING P 15-35 Required: 1. Using selling prices, allocate the $1,000 gateway-package revenue to the three divisions using: a. The stand-alone revenue-allocation method | Selling Price| Rev. Allocation| Precio por cuarto para dos personas 2 noches| $800| $581. 82| Dos â€Å"rounds† de golf con precio de | 375| 272. 73| Una cena para dos| 200| 145. 45| | $1,375| $1,000| b. The incremental revenue-allocation method | Selling Price| Rev. Allocation| Dos â€Å"rounds† de golf con precio de | $375| $375| Precio por cuarto para dos personas 2 noches| 800| 625| Una cena para dos| 200| 0| $1,375| $1,000| 2. What are the pros and cons of the two methods in requirement 1? Pros sobre el â€Å"stand alone†: 1. Cada elemento en el â€Å"bundle† recibe una porcion del ingreso. 2. Es un metodo simple para implementar. Contras sobre el â€Å"stand-alone† 1. Este metodo puede ignorar la importancia que le da el cliente a cada elemento del â€Å"bundle†. Por ejemplo, algunos clientes pueden estar interesados en el golf y no en la cena y viceversa. Pros sobre el metodo incremental: 1. Una vez se determina que secuencia utilizar para asignar, la implementacion es automatica.Contras sobre el metodo incremental: 1. Algunos productos no van a recibir asignacion de ingresos. Aun cuando se incurran los costos, no recibe asignacion de ingresos. 3. Because the recreation division is able to book the golf course at 100% capacity, the company CEO has decided to revise the Gateway package to only include the lodging and food offerings shown previously. The new package will sell for $900. Allocate the revenue to the lodging and food divisions using the following: 1. The Shapely value method.Incremental-Revenue Allocation Method|   | Weighted Shapely Value| Primary Product 1st| Unit SP| Allocation| W| Lodging| Food| Lodging|   |   | $800 | $800 | 1| $800 |   | Food|   |   |   | 200 | 100 | 1|   | $100 | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | |   |   | Primary Product 1st| Unit SP| Allocation| |   |   | Food|   |   |   | $200 | $200 | 1|   | 200 | Lodging|   |   | 800 | 700 | 1| 700 |   | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | | $750 | $150 | | | | | | | | | | | 2. The weighted Shapely value method, assuming that lodging is three times as likely to sell as the food.Incremental-Revenue Allocation Method|   | Weighted Shapely Value| Primary Product 1st (1)| Unit SP| Allocation| W| Lodging| Food| Lodging|   |   | $800 | $800 | 3| $2,400 |   | Food|   |   |   | 200 | 100 | 3|   | $300 | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | |   |   | Primary Product 1st (2)| Unit SP| Allocation| |   |   | Food|   |   |   | $200 | $200 | 1|   | 200 | Lodging|   |   | 800 | 700 | 1| 700 |   | | | | | | $1,000 | $900 | |   |   | | | | | | | | | $775 | $125 | | | | | | | | | (1) Lo mas probable sucedera 3 de 4 veces. (2) Lo mas probable sucedera 1 de 4 veces.

Essay Sample on Open Field Farming

Essay Sample on Open Field Farming Sample essay on Open Field Farming: Open field farming was a system, which included the village and the people that were living there. Most people that were living in the village owned a strip of land, which they would look after and grow crops on, usually the same crop as the other strip owners. Each strip usually had two to four wide ridges. Common land was for everyone who farmed land and the more land they owned the more animals they could have on the common land. There were problems about squatters on the common land, as they had no right to be on it but some squatters worked as casual labourers so they were sometimes accepted. Crop rotation was when each year a different crop was placed in the place the other crop that was there before so the soil wouldn’t become exhausted. Open field farming was sometimes criticised as animals began to wonder other people’s fields and ruin their crops and vegetation that was growing there. It also annoyed people because if people on one strip of land did not weed their strip then the weeds would grow over to the other person’s strips. Animals also got diseases and were breeding whenever they wanted or pleased. Back then they did not have what we have ‘Selective Breeding’ so the animals young could turn out deformed. Robert Bakewell introduced the first methods of selective breeding and made his own type of sheep called ‘The New Leicester’, which were a very fatty sort of sheep and had a nice big fleece. These sheep were mainly breed to be eaten as back then they loved fatty meats. The colling brothers also used Bakewells methods to produce ‘The Durham Shorthorn’.

Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand

Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand Learning to write Chinese characters is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Mandarin Chinese. There are thousands of different characters, and the only way to learn them is by memorization and constant practice. In this digital age, it’s possible to use a computer to write Chinese characters, but learning how to write Chinese characters by hand is the best way to gain a thorough understanding of each character. Computer Input Anyone who knows Pinyin can use a computer to write Chinese characters. The problem with this is that pinyin spellings can represent many different characters. Unless you know exactly which character you need, you will likely make mistakes when using the computer to write Chinese characters. A good knowledge of Chinese characters is the only way to write Chinese correctly, and the best way to gain knowledge of Chinese characters is by learning to write them by hand. Radicals Chinese characters may seem incomprehensible to anyone who doesn’t know the language, but there is a method to constructing them. Each character is based on one of 214 radicals -   the basic elements of the Chinese writing system. Radicals form the building blocks of Chinese characters. Some radicals can be used as both building blocks and independent characters, but others are never used independently. Stroke Order All Chinese characters consist of strokes which should be written in a specific order. Learning the stroke order is an important part of learning to write Chinese characters. The number of strokes is used to classify Chinese characters in dictionaries, so an added benefit of learning strokes is being able to use Chinese dictionaries. The basic rules for stroke order are: left to right and top to bottomhorizontal before verticalhorizontal and vertical strokes which pass over other strokesdiagonals (right-to-left and then left-to-right)center verticals and then outside diagonalsoutside strokes before inside stokesleft verticals before enclosing strokesbottom enclosing strokesdots and minor strokes You can see an example of stroke order in the illustration at the top of this page. Learning Aids Workbooks designed for writing practice are widely available in Chinese-speaking countries, and you may be able to find them in cities with a large Chinese community. These workbooks usually illustrate a character with the proper stroke order and provide lined boxes for writing practice. They are intended for school children  but are useful for anyone learning to write Chinese characters. If you can’t find a practice book like this, you can download this Microsoft Word file and print it out. Books There a several books about writing Chinese characters. One of the better ones is Keys to Chinese Character Writing (English).

Marketing Communication Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Communication Activities - Essay Example There, are three most important features that define marketing communication landscape namely media fragmentation, audience fragmentation and restricted budgets. Therefore, companies must be able to understand how these changes shape the industry in which they operate and provide an effective respond in order to remain relevant and competitive. This paper will start by analyzing how different forms of fragmentation such a media and audience affects the marketing communication landscape in a theoretical perspective. It will then examine how Ford Motors is responding to the recent changes having been brought about by media and audience fragmentation, as well as restricted budgets. Media and audience fragmentations are arguably the most widely observed impacts of digital media. Digital media has led to the emergence of many forms of media through which information can be accessed and disseminated which, in turn, has made consumption more distributed (Yim 2003, p.114). Whereas some peopl e are happy about the changes brought about by digital media, some are wary of its consequences. However, the widely acknowledged fact is that fragmentation brought about digital media has particularly affected the traditional forms of media most of which have become bleak as the audience moves towards the digital age. Webster and Ksiazek (2011, p.14) argue that fragmentation is a product of the interaction between audiences and the media. In this regard, socialist Anthony Giddens formulated a theory known as the ‘theory of saturation’ in 1984 in an attempt to explain the function of the media setting (Wbster 2011, p.41). The theory hypothesized that the media setting is jointly constructed based on the interaction between agents and structures-something Gidddens... This essay starts by analyzing how different forms of fragmentation such a media and audience affects the marketing communication landscape in a theoretical perspective. It then examines how Ford Motors company is responding to the recent changes having been brought about by media and audience fragmentation, as well as restricted budgets. It is stated that marketing is indeed a very important activity that no company can do without. This is because it is through marketing that consumers are informed and persuaded to buy the products offered by a company. Without marketing probably targeted consumers may not know of the existence of a product or services offered by a company. However, the growth of the digital media in recent years has impacted hugely on the various traditional marketing communication modes adopted by different companies for reaching out to the audience such as TV, radio, and newspapers. This is because the growth of digital media has resulted in media and audience fr agmentation, which have shaped the marketing communication landscape. In this regard, the emergence of new media forms such as the Internet and PVR has shifted advertisers from the traditional modes of advertising because few people still rely on these traditional media for information. This has forced many companies to respond appropriately to changes in order to remain relevant and competitive as has been witnessed with Ford. Certainly, it’s an appropriate response has made it remain one of the giant automobile companies in the U.K.

Literature Review--Outline or Prewriting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literature Review--Outline or Prewriting - Essay Example The internet has impacted on the learners through transforming a threshold concept that change view of learners thereby assistsing in integrating previously learned material with the threshold concept as portals. Once this has been traversed then it brings an insight into the mind of a learner how to think and act like a library practitioner within a discipline (Hope, Kajiwara, & Liu, 2001). There has been a shortage of librarians to teach classes as a result of ever growing student body in most institutions of higher learning as Hope, Kajiwara, and Liu (2001) explain. The internet has provided an alternative mean of providing information and instruction an exploration which has supplemented traditional classrooms. Internet has enabled the use of a management system which inform students about resources and search techniques by creating a module which consist of films and documents about the library. According to Hope, Kajiwara, and Liu (2001), the use of internet on information literacy has made it possible for increased enrollment of international students in colleges and universities. The barriers of transitioning to a new environment to a new environment have been solved by the academic institution to provide resources and services just as a library for information seekers through the

Media Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Relations - Essay Example Banks have to target the young generation via such social sites. The success of any business lies under one core fundamental factor: being available where the target clients are. It has not been different for Barclays, which boasts of its great success and a huge number of clients in United Kingdom. The bank has been at the forefront in close relation with media, ensuring that it utilizes social media to reach out to its loyal customer base and tap its potential. Depending on its diverse departments, Barclays has a number of Twitter accounts all branded differently. They are quite active, with the most active being @ BarclaysFooty, an account linked to the sponsored Barclays Premier League. The site has over 159, 000 followers, which is a huge number for a bank twitter account. Most of the times, the posts are often related to football updates and other competitions with the intentions of targeting the football fans. Barclay’s wealth and investment team also have a twitter account labelled @Barclayswealth, which has over 73,000 followers. It does posts financial investment updates and other banking services offered. The customers’ service twitter account is nabbed @BarclaysOnline, having over 48,000 users. It does receive the highest number of interaction with its clients. Its website does grant its clients the link to accessing twitter. During its working hours, the twitter services and responses are quite fast and timely. All potential queries responses are dealt with from Monday to Friday, between 8am to 8pm. The clients have reported satisfaction with the social systems, with the support team responding to a good number of queries, an element that does improve their customer care and public relations with the clients (barclays.co.uk). With over half a million likes, Barclays Facebook wall has maintained a constant service to its clients, similarly to its Twitter account. It does engage its clients all through the whole day, answering all

Eastern Religion Hinduism Essay Example for Free

Eastern Religion Hinduism Essay Hinduism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hinduism has no single prophet nor one god to worship; rather they have many metaphors for the gods. Hinduism has no beginning, founder, no central authority, and no organization. Hindus believe in one supreme being who has unlimited forms. Some of the central beliefs of the Hindus is the idea of reincarnation, in which, is the doctrine of transmigration and rebirth the idea is universal in India. The other two beliefs are the spiritual goal and the caste system. The holy texts are the Veda, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Grita The practices of the Hindus are the Puja in which is the prayer in the home or in the temple but it is mostly in home since the religion is very much concern with everything around life. The ceremonial practices usually take in community centers. There are three important events in ones life according to the Hindus, birth, marriage and death. Buddhism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buddhism was born in the Kingdom of Sakyas, which is now the border between India and Nepal. Scholars disagree on the age of birth in which it is between 563 – 368 B.C.E. Some of the beliefs of Hindus and Buddhism interact such as the idea of reincarnation both agree with the idea of rebirth but Buddhism rejects the caste system and the Veda. Buddha means the â€Å"enlightened one† and it was a title given to the Siddhartha Gautama the founder of Buddhism. Buddha is accepted like the existence of Jesus Christ that it is accepted through faith and the disciples. It is said that Jesus might have used some of the Buddha ideas into his. The central beliefs are the four truths and the eightfold path. The teachings are in the Dhammapada, in English know as â€Å"words of doctrine†, â€Å"way of truth† or â€Å"the path of truth† The practices of Buddhism is a part of life including diet, the job, trade or profession, daily meditation and giving offerings at a shrine, temples, or monasteries. Confucianism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The belief was started in China around the sixth or fifth century B.C.E by Confucius; a major part of the belief is it emphasis on learning and the source of values. The religion has two sets of books; the major five classics including I Ching, Shu Chang, Shih Ching, LiChi, and Ch’un-Ch’iu.. This religion is more of an ethical movement because it lacks sacraments and liturgy. There are four types of Confucianism schools and marriage and funeral could be done though other religious ministers or priests. Taoism:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The foundation of Taoism is attributed to Lao Tzu and his writings called the â€Å"Classic Way of Power† Taoism is based on the individual and tended to reject the organized society. The key concept is that of non-action or the natural course of things. It is a direct link to yin and yang. It also obtained many things from the Buddhist perspectives. The central beliefs they don’t have prayers because it beliefs in the natural things and that there is no god. They are compassionate people and is more about a philosophical movement instead of a religion.   The purpose of the rituals is the concern of having immortality and the purpose was to live longer. It is believed that elements of Shamanism, which it is more related. Taoism is based on energy.

effect of media on sports :: essays research papers

influence of mass media on sport : Influences of Mass Media in Sport When communication is spread not just between two individuals but rather between tens of millions of people it is known as mass media. Mass media is known as the central nervous system of society. "Mass media has many different purposes, such as providing information, entertaining, persuading and also by carrying a vague general function of culture to millions of people."(Frederick 18). In order for mass media to exist, there must be an audience. Today's society is very selective; each receiver reacts differently through his or her own experience and orientation according to mass media. Therefore, mass media exists in many different forms such as magazines, television, newspapers, internet, motion pictures, and even plays. Some examples of these forms of mass media are cosmopolitan magazine for young modern women and TSN television network for sports fans. With such extreme varieties of mass media existing in today's societies there are three major constraints that seem to have an impressionable impact. These constraints can keep mass media very restricted. The major constraint of mass media is competition. Each form of mass media wants to be the one to target the audience, so therefore competition between mass media is very strong, because capturing the inside of the sports world is critical. Apart from the competition among the various forms of media there is also competition among each form of the media example Fox network competes with all television networks for a market share of the audience. Network companies such as Fox buy the contracts to show American football games for millions of dollars, which they in turn make their money back through companies wanting to advertize on their network during these football games. The audience Fox attracts by showing these games also provides an audience for companies wanting to advertise their products and provides potential customers for their products. This life cycle exists in all forms of media apart from just television, newspapers try to cover the best stories in all areas of life from tradegy to sports and entertainment. From a sociological stand point in today's society sex and violence attracts audiences. By examining the internet, which is the newest form of mass media internet companies that provide the most outrageous websites with sex and violence are the most watched websites. Media Companies compete with each other on those levels by looking at what attracts the most attention and trying to provide it.

The Suffragettes

What was the aim of the suffragettes? The suffrage movement was mainly women from middle class backgrounds. These women were frustrated by their social and economic situation and wanted an outlet through which to initiate change. The word suffrage comes form French and means being allowed to vote. They were fighting for their legal right to vote and the injustice of the women situation of not having equal rights as men in the early 20th century. But men in power denied it, so they resorted to violence. They started to fire mailboxes, smashing windows and blowing bombs.Tactics how did they get their point across? This group of women, the suffragettes, used a variety of tactics during their fight for equal rights as men. Tactics varied from passive such as using uniforms in order to attract publicity or staging marches, public meetings even printing their own newspaper. They also visited factories aiming to convince workingwomen to join their cause. They indeed got noticed; all kinds o f women joined the movement. Nevertheless, the parliament didn’t grant them the right to vote.As a reaction to this denial, they responded with more destructive tactics like smashing shop windows, setting fire and bombs in buildings. They purposely tried to get arrested in order to shock people and make them realize that they were being treated like criminals. When they were in prison suffragettes went on hunger strike. Eventually the women were forced-fed. A tube was forced down their throat and liquid was poured down. It was very painful. After this violent strategy, some participants thought they had gone to far and resigned.Leadership: Emily Davidson an English women from a modest background who struggled her way through college, was a well-known participant of the suffragettes movement. She is a great example of their determination and perseverance. During her years as a suffragette, she was arrested for various offences, including a violet attack on a man. During these arrests, she was tortured and force fed after a hunger strike, and suffered from severe spinal damage when throwing herself down an iron staircase as a protest.Her tactics became more and more extreme as planting bombs. Her motto was â€Å"Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to God. † The final act that earned her eternal fame as suffragette and demonstrated her strong will power and bravery was when she threw herself under the King's horse, Anmer, as it rounded Tattenham Corner becoming like this the first martyr of the suffragette cause. Success of the cause: With the outbreak of the war in 1914, the WSPU ended their political activities.All suffragettes were released from prison and they focused on supporting the war. Many women worked very hard during the war, they took jobs normally reserved for men. The huge numbers of men needed to fight the war and the high numbers of wounded amongst the soldiers, forced men to employ women as gas workers, coal heavers, transport w orkers, and ambulance drivers. When the war ended, these female workers were rewarded with a law that allowed women over 30 years of age with property, to vote in parliamentary elections and even become Members of Parliament.Finally in 1928 all women over the age of 21 were given the right to vote. Relevance of the suffragette movement: The suffragettes confronted, for the first time, the prejudice against women that has always existed throughout history. They attacked it both political and culturally, and they realized that they needed to win the right to vote because without political power they didn’t have a chance to change their position in society. The belief of the time was that women were not competent enough to compete with men and to participate in politics.They had nothing to loose in the beginning and their ideas of how far they could take their actions in the name of their principles had no limits. They would do anything that was needed to change the future of th e women who would follow them. Still this political movement remains very important for modern society today, there are still many challenges limiting the rights of women. Even though the suffragettes accomplished quite a lot, equality between men and women has yet to be achieved. Their example teaches us perseverance and commitment to a cause even when there seems to be no hope of winning.